The global transformation towards a more sustainable planet will require in the coming decades a high consumption of minerals and, in particular, of what the European Union has been defining as critical raw materials. To meet the challenges of the economy linked to urbanization, electrification, digitalization and the development of renewable energies, the demand for minerals will multiply in the coming decades. Achieving a secure and sufficient supply is the challenge facing the European Union, aware that its dependence on external markets, and specifically on China, puts the competitiveness of its industry at risk.